Sandra L. Kogan  IBM Software Group, One Rogers Street, Cambridge, MA 02142 (sandra_koganus.ibm.com). Sandra Kogan is a user researcher and user-experience designer in Workplace, Portals, and Collaboration Software. She has a B.S. degree from Concordia University and an M.S. degree in computer science and human computer interaction from the University of Massachusetts at Lowell. Before joining IBM, she worked as a human factors engineer in medical informatics at the Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts; she also has extensive clinical research experience in neurology, geriatrics, and gerontology. Since joining IBM in 2001, she has led several design strategy initiatives for Lotus Development. Today, her focus is on empirically derived user models and quantitative analysis.

Michael J. Muller  IBM Research Division, One Rogers Street, Cambridge, MA 02142 (michael_mullerus.ibm.com). Dr. Muller is a research staff member in the Collaborative User Experiences group. He received a Ph.D. in cognitive psychology from Rutgers University in 1983. A member of Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility and the Association for Computing Machinery, Dr. Muller is an internationally recognized expert in participatory design.