Biographical sketches of authors

Donald A. Norman Department of Computer Science, Northwestern University, 1890 Maple Avenue, Evanston, Illinois 60201 (electronic mail: norman@northwestern.edu). Dr. Norman is Professor of Computer Science at Northwestern University and cofounder of the Nielsen Norman group where he serves on the advisory boards of numerous firms. He is also Professor Emeritus of Cognitive Science and Psychology at the University of California, San Diego. Dr. Norman is the author of numerous books, including Design of Everyday Things and The Invisible Computer. He has served as Vice President of Advanced Technology at Apple Computer, Inc. He has B.S. and M.S. degrees in electrical engineering and a Ph.D. degree in experimental psychology.

Andrew Ortony Department of Psychology and the School of Education and Social Policy, Northwestern University, 2120 Campus Drive, Evanston, Illinois 60201 (electronic mail: ortony@northwestern.edu). Prof. Ortony is a professor of psychology and education, and codirector of Northwestern University's Center for the Study of Cognition, Emotion, and Emotional Disorders. His primary research interests concern the relation between emotion, cognition, behavior, and personality, and the implications of these for artificial intelligence (AI) and for interface design. His coauthored book The Cognitive Structure of Emotions is a widely used resource in AI applications involving emotions. Prof. Ortony is a Fellow of the American Psychological Association, the American Psychological Society, and a member of the American Association for Artificial Intelligence, the Cognitive Science Society, and the International Society for Research on Emotion.

Daniel M. Russell IBM Research Division, Almaden Research Center, 650 Harry Road, San Jose, California 95120 (electronic mail: daniel2@us.ibm.com). Dr. Russell is the senior manager of the User Sciences and Experience Research (USER) lab at the Almaden Research Center. The main interests of the laboratory are in the areas of designing the complete user experience of computation, especially in the domains of highly sensed or attentive environments, formalizing the characteristics of human behaviors for input mechanisms, and creating new ways of placing computation into the work space. Prior to coming to IBM, Dr. Russell worked at Xerox PARC and in the Advanced Technology Group at Apple Computer, Inc. He founded and managed the User Experience Research (UER) groups at both companies. He received his B.S. in computer science from the University of California, Irvine, in 1977 and his M.S. and Ph.D. degrees from the University of Rochester in 1979 and 1984, respectively.